D-Jetronic Parts Analysis and Troubleshooting

Author: Paul B. Anders
Date: 8/14/02
Version: 2.4

Index

	914 D-Jetronic Part Numbers
	Suggested FI Setup for 1973 and 1974 2.0L Engines
	ECU / MPS Compatibility Table
	D-Jetronic Troubleshooting Table
	Drivability Symptom/Cause Table
	Document Changes by Version

NOTE!!: URL's at the Renegade 914 site (www.dgi.net) are currently down (as of 5/5/01), and may or may not be available in the future. The site is being rebuilt at www.914club.com.

This table is my "best effort" at sorting out all of the variations of D-Jetronic injection parts for the various years and models of the 1.7L and 2.0L engines. I cannot say with 100% certainty that the table below is accurate, and I found several conflicts for the listed parts among the various Bosch and Porsche documentation that I used to compile the table. Use the table at your own risk. I assume no responsibility for problems encountered as a use of the information presented here.

References (and acronym used in the table below):

	"Bosch Gasoline and Diesel Injection Products", (BGDIP) from Bosch. 1998 revision. Available from Bosch.
	"Bosch Ignition Parts", (BIP) from Bosch. 1997 revision. Available from Bosch.
	"914 Porsche Technical Specifications Guide", (PTS) from Porsche, 5/1/1974. No longer available.
	"D-Jetronic Service Manual", (DSM) from Bosch, no date. Available at: http://www.boschservice.com/http-docs/access/kjetron.htm
	"Porsche Parts Catalog 914 and 914-6", (PPC) from Porsche, 1/1995. No longer available (NLA). Copies are seen on Ebay from time to time, and there is the "PIC" CDROM catalog that also shows up on Ebay.
	"Porsche 914 / 914-6 Factory Workshop Manuals", (FWM) from Porsche, revised 11/17/1981. Available at: http://www.pelicanparts.com/catalog/shopcart/9144/POR_9144_documt_pg1.htm#item2 . Microfiche of these manuals are also seen on Ebay.
	"Troubleshooting Guide for Engines with Electronic Fuel Injection MPC (manifold pressure controlled)", (VWTG) Volkswagenwerk AG, http://www.seanster.com/vw/VW%20MPC%20Troubleshooting%20Guide.zip (NOTE: very large 12 MB zip file of JPG images)
	"Kaesedorf Gemischbildung Vol IV" (Kaesedorf Air/Fuel Mixture Volume IV) Data on injector flow rates from this book, from Roland Kunz on Pelican Parts BBS

914 D-Jetronic Engine Codes (there is a good reference at: http://www.dgi.net/914/tech/technical.html ):

Engine Code	Displacement	Region	Number Range
W	1.7L	World	1970: 0 000 001 to 0 057 460 1971: 0 057 461 to 0 129 581 1972: 0 129 582 to 0 250 000
EA	1.7L	World	1972: 0 000 001 to 0 057 000 1973: 0 057 001 to 0 098 793
EB	1.7L	USA	1973: 0 000 001 to 0 009 703
GA	2.0L	USA	1973: 0 000 001 to 0 006 765 1974: 0 006 766 to 0 015 021
GB	2.0L	non-USA	0 000 001 to ??
GC	2.0L	USA	1975: 0 000 001 to 0 002 914 1976: 0 002 915 to 0 006 946

Part	Porsche/VW #	Bosch #	Engine	Year	Notes
ECU	022 906 021 022 906 021 U	0 280 000 007, 008 CU89X	1.7L	1970 ?	Discrepancies: The BGDIP lists the CU89X for the 1970 914 1.7L, with 0 280 000 007 and 008 as Bosch cross-references. It also lists the CU89X as being cross-referenced to VW part number 022 906 021U. The PTS and FWM both list a 022 906 021 ECU for "August 1969" through "August 1970" - but the BGDIP cross-references this VW number to the CU47X, which is for the 1975 Type 2's. Characteristics: Unknown
	022 906 021 B 022 906 021 BU 022 906 021 BX	0 280 000 015 CU11X	1.7L	1970 - 1971	W0 000 001 => W0 129 581 The PPC specifies this ECU addition to the ECU above for 1970 1.7L's. Characteristics: Has over-run shut-off circuit, no idle mixture adjustment knob, five waveform generators in the speed control circuit
	022 906 021 A & E 022 906 021 AU 022 906 021 EU	0 280 000 037, 013, 038 CU13X	1.7L 2.0L	1972 - 1973 1973	W0 129 582 => W0 250 000 EA0 000 001=> EA0 098 793 EB0 000 001 => EB0 009 703 GA0 000 001 => GA0 006 765 GB0 000 001 => GB0 007 401 (AA web) Note: Use only the CU13X or the 022 906 021 E (Bosch 0 280 000 037) ECU with the 1973 2.0L engine. Characteristics: No over-run shut-off circuit, idle mixture adjustment knob present, five waveform generators in the speed control circuit.
	039 906 021	0 280 000 043, 044 CU14X	2.0L	1974	GA0 006 766 => GA0 015 021 Characteristics: No over-run shut-off circuit, idle mixture adjustment knob present, five waveform generators in the speed control circuit.
	039 906 021 A 039 906 021 AU	0 280 000 051, 052 CU16X	2.0L	1975 - 1976	GC0 000 001 => GC0 006 946 Characteristics: Has over-run shut-off circuit, idle mixture adjustment knob present, four waveform generators in the speed control circuit.
Injection Valve	022 906 031 A or 311 133 261 A	0 280 150 009	1.7L	1970 - 1976	Yellow plug
	039 906 031	0 280 150 019	2.0L	1973 - 1974	Green plug
	039 906 031 A	0 280 150 038	2.0L	1975 - 1976	Green plug
Injection Valve Seal	311 133 263 311 133 261	1 280 206 702 1 280 206 703	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 -1976	One each required per injector.
Fuel Filter	311 133 511 D	0 450 901 003	1.7L, 2.0L	1971 - 1974
	133 133 511	0 450 901 005	1.7L, 2.0L	1975 - 1976
Fuel Pump	311 906 091 D	0 580 463 005	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1974
	043 906 091	0 580 463 016	1.7L, 2.0L	1975 -1976
Auxiliary Air Regulator	022 906 045	0 280 140 007	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1976	No longer available. BGDIP also lists a 0 280 140 101 for the 74-75 914, and a 0 280 141 011 for the 1.7L 1970 to 1973.
Cold Start Valve	022 906 171 A	0 280 170 017	1.7L	1970 - 1973
	311 906 171 B or PCG 906 171 B	0 280 170 015	2.0L	1973 - 1976
Intake Air Temperature Sensor	311 906 081 A	0 280 130 006	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1976	This part number was used on all versions of D-Jetronic (e.g. VW, Porsche, Volvo, etc.)
Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor	311 906 041 A	0 280 130 003 0 280 130 012	1.7L 2.0L	1970 - 1973 1974 - 1976	Discrepancies: The PPC lists this Porsche/VW part number for the engines below. The BGDIP cross-references this VW part number to the 0 280 130 003 sensor, which is the sensor for the 1968-1969 Type 3's. I checked with my local Bosch supplier and the ...003 is the part he found for this Porsche/WV number . The DSM lists the 0 280 130 012 sensor for these engines and years, but not for the 1974 2.0L. Note that the 0 280 130 003 sensor is used by some 914 owners to get a richer cold engine mixture. W0 000 001 => W0 250 000 EA0 000 001 => EA0 098 793 EB0 000 001 => EB0 009 703 GA0 006 766 => GA0 015 021 GC0 000 001 => GC0 006 946
	022 906 041	0 280 130 012	1.7L	May 1971 Aug 1971	The PTS and the FWM list this part as the standard equipment. The 311 906 041 A is listed as the replacement part.
	022 906 041 A	0 280 130 017	2.0L	1973	Discrepancies: The PTS, PPC, and FWM list this sensor only for the 1973's, but the DSM lists it for both the 1973 and 1974's. Used with the Ballast Resistor below. GA0 000 001 => GA0 006 765 The PTS and FWM list this sensor as a replacement for the 1.7L engines in cases of high fuel consumption.
Ballast Resistor	039 971 762 A	N/A	2.0L	1973	Non-Bosch, Wehrle part, 270 ohms. List price for this thing is nuts, >$20. Go to Radio Shack and buy a 1/4 or 1/2 watt resistor of near-equal value and a couple of crimp-on terminals for about $1 if you need this part.
Thermo Switch / Thermo-Time Switch	311 906 161 A	0 336 003 003	1.7L	1970	Thermo switch. From the PTS and the FWM. Both state to only use this part with ECU 022 906 021 W0 000 001 => W0 057 460
	311 906 161 C	0 336 003 007 (BGDIP) 0 336 003 008 (actual)	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1974	Thermo switch. BGDIP lists the Bosch number for this part as ending in 007. Actual part (looked at two different parts) with this number is imprinted with Bosch number 0 336 003 008. W0 057 461 => W0 250 000 EA0 000 001 => EA0 098 793 EB0 000 001 => EB0 009 703 GA0 000 001 => GA0 015 021
	022 906 163 A	0 280 130 205	2.0L	1975 - 1976	From the PTS and the FWM. GC0 000 001 => GC0 006 946 This is a thermo-time switch. It has an internal heater that limits the maximum time the switch will stay open under cranking, from 5 to 20 seconds, depending on the external temperature.
Deceleration Valve	022 133 551	0 280 160 102	1.7L	1972 - 1973	1970 -1971 1.7L 914's didn't have a decel valve, because their ECU cut off the fuel flow on overrun.
	039 133 551	0 280 160 108	2.0 L	1973 - 1976
Fuel Pressure Regulator	PCG 133 030 A	0 280 160 001	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1976
Manifold Pressure Sensor	039 906 051	0 280 100 043	2.0L	1974 - 1976
	022 906 051 C	0 280 100 037	2.0L	1973	GA0 000 001 => GA0 006 765
	022 906 051 E	0 280 100 049	1.7L	1970 - 1973
Throttle Switch	039 906 111 A	0 280 120 032	2.0L	1973 - 1976	Note that the PTS and FWM list a 039 906 031 number for the 1973 2.0L switch - but that can't be correct, as that number is the same as the injector number.
	022 906 111 A	0 280 120 042	1.7L	1970 - 1971	W0 000 001 => W0 129 581
	022 906 111 B	0 280 120 021	1.7L	1972 - 1973	W0 129 582 => W0 250 000 EA0 000 001 => EA0 098 793 EB0 000 001 => EB0 009 703
Main Relay	311 906 061	0 332 003 021	1.7L	1970 - 1973	W0 129 582 => W0 250 000
Trigger Contacts	311 905 301	1 230 090 000	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1976
Distributor (vac unit listed where available)	039 905 205 (diz) 022 905 271 C (vac) (vac from BIP)	0 231 174 009 (dizzy) 1 237 122 601 (vac) (PIP & PP web)	2.0L	1973	GA0 000 001 => GA0 006 765 (PPC, FWM, and PTS)
	039 905 205 A (diz) 039 905 271 (vac) (vac from BIP)	0 231 174 011 (dizzy) 1 237 122 603 (vac) (BIP & PP web)	2.0L	1974 - 1976	GA0 006 766 => GA0 015 021 (PPC, FWM, and PTS)
	039 905 205 B (diz) 039 905 271 (vac) (vac from BIP)	0 231 172 021 (dizzy) 1 237 122 603 (vac) (BIP and PP web)	2.0L	1975 - 1976	GC0 000 001 => GC0 006946 PPC lists te vac as a 039 905 271 A instead.
	022 905 205 A	??	1.7L	??	Graphs in FWM, no usage noted. Not in the BIP.
	022 905 205 B	??	1.7L	??	Graphs in FWM, no usage noted. Not in the BIP.
	022 905 205 D (PTS & FWM)	??	1.7L	1970	W0 000 001 => W0 007 333 (PTS & FWM) No entry in the BIP for the 022 905 205D.
	022 905 205 E (PTS & FWM)	0 231 172 007 (from Ralf H. on Rennlist - right off the dizzy)	1.7L	1970	W0 007 334 => W0 039 125 (PTS & FWM) No record of a ... 172 007 in the BIP. No Porsche or VW part number cross-referenced and no record of a ...205 E dizzy. But, this seems to be the actual part used on 1970 914's, two '70 1.7L owners have verified.
	022 905 205 F (diz) 022 905 271 A (vac) (PTD & PPC)	0 231 174 001 (from a dizzy up on Ebay, and from the BIP for a '70)	1.7L	1970	W0 039 126 => W0 057 460 (PTS & PPC) Supposedly the same as E, with speed limiter rotor - however, comparison of part numbers stamped on an E and F distributors show significantly different Bosch numbers. No ... 205 F entry in the BIP for the Porsche or VW, but the BIP lists the 0 231 174 001 for the '70 1.7L.
	022 905 205 H (diz) 022 905 271 B (vac) (PPC)	0 231 163 011 (BIP)	1.7L	1971 - 1972	W0 057 461 => W0 250 000 (PPC) BIP doesn't show this dizzy as used on any 1.7L engines, but it does show it as a VW dizzy for 1971 to 1972 Type 4's.
	??	0 231 174 005	1.7 L	1973	From BIP, "to 11/72". No Porsche or VW part number cross-referenced.
	??	0 231 174 007	1.7 L	1973	From BIP, "from 11/72". No Porsche or VW part number cross-referenced.
	022 905 205 P (diz) 022 905 271 C (vac) (PPC)	0 231 172 019 (BIP)	1.7L	1970 - 1973	W0 000 001 => W0 129 581 (PPC) EA0 000 001 => EA0 057 000 (PPC) EA0 057 001 => EA0 098 793 (PPC) EB0 000 001 => EB0 009 703 (PPC) BIP shows this dizzy as being for the 1973 Type 4.
	022 905 205 J	??	1.7L		FWM (no description of the application), also listed in Automobile Atlanta web catalog.

Distributor reference: Pelican Parts web site, PTS, FWM, and PPC. Accurate distributor part number matching is difficult for the 1.7L engines. The distributor data for the 2.0L models is reliable and consistent. Also included is info from http://www.dgi.net/914/tech/distrib.html . Be aware that 914 distributors are often referred to by only the last three numbers of the Bosch part number, such as "009" and "050". This can lead to confusion, as these two numbers usually are associated with mechanical-advance-only distributors used with carbureted engines (e.g "009" is really a 0 231 178 009). Since the 1973 2.0L distributor is number also ends in "009" (0 231 174 009), make sure the "009" you are looking at is a D-Jetronic model, which will have the vacuum unit and trigger contacts in the bottom of the unit. And to make it more confusing, the part number for the L-Jetronic 1974 1.8 L is 0 231 181 009!! So there are three 009's out there!

I also received some great information from Jeff Bowlsby (bowlsby@aol.com) on an often overlooked FI component - the wiring harness. Here are Jeff's inputs:

Porsche 914 D-Jet Fuel Injection Harness Data

There are 6 different D-Jet FI harnesses. They share many similarities but differ in their physical component layout and in some instances, their electrical layout.
An EA/EB harness (72-73 1.7L, 5 pole TPS), or a W71-72 (4 pole TPS) can fit a GA engine, but its not an optimal fit.
All Porsche 914 Throttle Position Switches (TPS) have only 4 electrical wires, but later cars had 5 pole wire terminal connector housings with one blank pole. A 4 pole TPS wire terminal connector housing can be installed into a 5 pole TPS, the wires are in the same order, just locate it correctly.
Wire terminal connector housings are either indexed so they cannot be installed wrong (polarized), or it does not matter how they are oriented as long as they can be inserted into the FI component (non-polarized).
Wire terminal removal from the wire terminal housings takes special tools and knowledge to avoid destroying the wire terminal. Trying to remove them, you'll only be lucky half the time, mostly the wire terminal locking lances break, making the electrical reconnection impossible or untrustworthy.
The speed limiter (SL) was installed on most but not all of the GC engines, on the FI harness nearest the battery. The SL only taps into the harness and can be disconnected without affecting anything else. Watch the redline though!
TS=Thermo switch (1 pole), TTS=Thermo-time switch (2 pole), CSV=Cold Start Valve
Wiring for the CSV and TS/TTS is within the FI harness, but is controlled by the regulator plate, not by the ECU (Engine Control Unit).
The CHT sensor (TS2), if disconnected or an open circuit, will not allow the car the start.

Year	Engine Code	Displ	TPS	TS/TTS	Notes
1970	W	1.7L	4 pole	1 pole	MPS mounted as in Haynes Fig 2.33
1971-72	W	1.7L	4 pole	1 pole	MPS rotated from Haynes Fig 2.33, otherwise same as W70
1972-73	EA	1.7L	5 pole	1 pole	Identical to W71-72 except for 5 pole TPS
1973	EB	1.7L	5 pole	1 pole	Identical to EA
1973-74	GA	2.0L	5 pole	1 pole	Physically unique, but electrically identical to 1.7L harnesses
1975-76	GC	2.0L	5 pole	2 pole	Similar to GA, but CSV circuit is modified, no speed limiter
1975-76	GC/SL	2.0L	5 pole	2 pole	Similar to GA, but CSV circuit is modified, w/speed limiter

Fuel Injection component values for D-Jet systems should be verified at the ECU connector, by unplugging the 25 pole connector housing from the ECU and using an multimeter at various terminals. Testing components through the harness in this way also verifies the connecting circuit to each component and may identify a wiring harness problem. Individual wires are numbered near the wire terminals, and wire terminal housing cavities are numbered on the plastic ECU connector housing and regulator plate connector housing. Poles 2, 14 and 25 are blank on all D-Jet harnesses

Terminal(s)	Component	Expected value
1 and 13	TS1 - air temp sensor	300 ohms @ 68 deg. F
3 and ground	Fuel injector - cylinder 1	< 3.0 ohms
4 and ground	Fuel injector - cylinder 4	< 3.0 ohms
5 and ground	Fuel injector - cylinder 2	< 3.0 ohms
6 and ground	Fuel injector - cylinder 3	< 3.0 ohms
7 and 15	MPS primary coil	90 ohms (check each lead and make sure there is no continuity to the MPS case)
8 and 10	MPS secondary coil	350 ohms (check each lead and make sure there is no continuity to the MPS case)
9 and ground	Accelerator Pump Contact Track #1	10 indications of continuity from fully closed to fully open throttle
20 and ground	Accelerator Pump Contact Track #2	10 indications of continuity from fully closed to fully open throttle
11 and ground	ECU ground circuit	Less than 0.5 ohms
12 and 21	Trigger contact switch #1	Alternating continuity as the engine is cranked
12 and 22	Trigger contact switch #2	Alternating continuity as the engine is cranked
16, 24 and ground	ECU power source from main power relay on regulator plate	Turn key to the "on" position, read voltage, should be less than 1 V difference from voltage measured at battery terminals.
17 and ground	TPS idle contact	Less than 0.5 ohms when the throttle is closed, infinity when the throttle is opened more than 2 degrees.
18 and ground	Start signal from ignition switch	Turn key to "start" position, read voltage, should be greater than 12V.
19 and relay plate terminal III (white plug, back left corner)	ECU control line for the fuel pump relay	Less than 0.5 ohms
23 and ground	TS2 - CHT, cylinder head temperature sensor	> 2K ohms at 68 deg. F for all but 1973 2.0 L, > 1.2 K ohms for 1973 2.0L

Suggested FI Setup for 1973 and 1974 2.0L Engines

The suggestions below are based on my analysis of the parts listings above and my own experience with my 2.0L car. These suggestions are for stock or nearly-stock engines. Euro pistons are OK, and maybe a bit of head milling to increase compression. Bumping displacement to 2.1 or 2.2L will require increasing the fuel pressure, or adjusting the MPS (NOT recommended), or both. No non-stock cams, porting, or throttle body modifications, if so, you're on your own.

I suggest that you use the later 1974 parts below for your 1973 engine. The 1973 cars came with the 022 906 021 E version of the ECU. This ECU required a special head temperature sensor (0 280 130 017) and a ballast resistor, as well as a specially adjusted manifold pressure sensor (0 280 100 037). While this arrangement works, replacement parts are getting harder to come by (especially the ...017 head temp sensor and the ...037 pressure sensor). The 1974 parts are more readily available. I am currently using the 1973 2.0L distributor (0 231 174 009) instead of the 1974 distributor (0 231 174 011) on my car, and it is working fine. If possible, however, I would suggest using the 1974 distributor, as it has slightly different mechanical and vacuum advance/retard settings that are optimized for emissions and fuel economy.

If you can find it, I suggest using the 0 280 130 012 head temperature sensor, but I have found this part difficult to obtain. From what I can tell, the 0 280 130 003 sensor is nearly the same (it has a longer lead wire) and is readily available. I have recently acquired an ...012 sensor and will add my characterization data to this page when complete. See my notes in the table above about this sensor and the part numbers.

I have no experience with the 1975 -1976 2.0L's, and I suggest following the parts table above for these engines.

I've described the availability of the parts in the notes. No actual prices are listed as they vary frequently. I used the Pelican Parts catalog for most of my information, but there are many other sources of these parts. Only four parts are listed as no longer available or unknown availability, but the number of parts unavailable is likely to grow. I suggest acquiring a stock of these parts today, as future prices are likely to be high. I have found some good deals on Ebay, but I suggest using Ebay only for those who feel comfortable with on-line bidding.

Part	Porsche/VW #	Bosch #	Engine	Year	Notes
ECU	039 906 021	0 280 000 043, 044 CU14X	2.0L	1974	Available rebuilt. Some units available new, at a very high price (~$1K).
Injection Valve	039 906 031	0 280 150 019	2.0L	1973 - 1974	Green plug. Available new and rebuilt. General wisdom is to pay the $$ and get new parts instead of rebuilt.
Injection Valve Seal	311 133 263 311 133 261	1 280 206 702 1 280 206 703	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 -1976	One each required per injector. Available new.
Fuel Filter	311 133 511 D	0 450 901 003	1.7L, 2.0L	1971 - 1974	Available new.
Fuel Pump	311 906 091 D	0 580 463 005	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1974	Available new.
Auxiliary Air Regulator	022 906 045	0 280 140 007	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1976	No longer available. Used units are your best bet, try a local auto recycler. Automobile Atlanta sells rebuilt units, but they're expensive - rebuilt it yourself and save $$.
Cold Start Valve	311 906 171 B or PCG 906 171 B	0 280 170 015	2.0L	1973 - 1976	Available new, but these seem to be in short supply.
Intake Air Temperature Sensor	311 906 081 A	0 280 130 006	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1976	No longer available. This sensor was used on nearly every D-Jetronic application. Check your local Volvo, Saab, or VW dealer. Try a local auto recycler if you cannot locate a new sensor.
Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor	311 906 041 A	0 280 130 003 0 280 130 012	1.7L 2.0L	1970 - 1973 1974 - 1976	Available new. The ...012 sensor is in short supply. Either sensor should work OK.
Thermo Switch	311 906 161 C	0 336 003 007	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1974	Available new.
Deceleration Valve	039 133 551	0 280 160 108	2.0 L	1973 -1976	Availability unknown. Try your local auto recycler.
Fuel Pressure Regulator	PCG 133 030 A	0 280 160 001	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1976	Available new.
Manifold Pressure Sensor	039 906 051	0 280 100 043	2.0L	1974 - 1976	Available new and rebuilt. New units are expensive (up to ~$1K). Rebuilt units may have different bellows and diaphragm than stock and have been reported to have different response than OEM. I am currently using a rebuilt unit with no problems. If your unit is missing the epoxy seal over the full-load stop plug and has been "adjusted", I suggest replacing the unit.
Throttle Switch	039 906 111 A	0 280 120 032	2.0L	1973 - 1976	Available new.
Trigger Contacts	311 905 301	1 230 090 000	1.7L, 2.0L	1970 - 1976	Available new.
Distributor	039 905 205	0 231 174 009	2.0L	1973	Available new and rebuilt. New units are expensive (~$900). Dirt-cheap rebuilt units (A1 Cardone) are available from Checker for $70, including core charge! This distributor will work with a 1974 setup.
	039 905 205 A	0 231 174 011	2.0L	1974	Available new and rebuilt. New units are expensive (~$900). Dirt cheap rebuilt units (A1 Cardone) are available from Checker for $70, including core charge! This is the suggested distributor.

ECU / MPS Compatibility Table

This table is a work-in-process, I'll update it as I complete more characterizations of ECU / MPS combinations. The intent is to identify the compatibility of non-OEM combinations of ECU's and MPS's. OEM combinations are identified with an "OEM" prefix and are highlighted blue. Other possible MPS's and ECU's are highlighted in green or yellow for potential application (none are exactly the same), red if there is no other combination that will work.

ECU / MPS Compatibility Table		ECU (0 280 000 YYY)
		007 or 008 (CU89X)	015 (CU11X)	037 (CU13X)	043/044 (CU14X)	052 (CU16X)
MPS (0 280 100 XXX)	037			OEM '73 2.0L
				No other MPS's will work
				043/044 ECU's 015 ECU (lacks idle adjustment)
	043				OEM '74 2.0L	OEM '75-'76 2.0L
					049 MPS	049 MPS
					037 ECU's 015 ECU (lacks idle adjustment)	No other ECU's will work
	049	OEM '70 1.7L	OEM '70-'71 1.7L	OEM '73 1.7L
		?	043 MPS	043 MPS
		?	037 or 043/044 ECU's	043/044 ECU's 015 ECU (lacks idle adjustment)

D-Jetronic Troubleshooting Table

The following table relates some engine performance problems to specific FI parts. Here are a few good URL's to other D-Jetronic diagnostic procedures (some are non-914 but have good information):

http://www.914fan.net/djet.html (excellent info on testing the injectors and fuel system) (also try: http://mail.symuli.com/vw/Djet.html )
http://persweb.direct.ca/aschwenk/djettest.pdf (table from Bosch Service Manual of the diagnostic procedure)
http://www.icbm.org/erkson/ttt/engine/fuel_injection/d-jet.html (non-Porsche D-Jet document)
http://www.vclassics.com/archive/efi.htm (non-Porsche D-Jet document)

Note that this troubleshooting table is from the perspective of what problems can be caused by a specific component.

Part

Description

ECU

Function: Receives sensor inputs of engine operating condition, speed, and load. Using a combination of analog and digital processing of these inputs, the ECU sends voltage pulses of the appropriate duration and timing to the injectors. Also controls the operation of the fuel pump.

Failure Modes

	Dead: Nothing works. Usually due to major component failure.
	Mismatched: Wrong ECU for the engine and/or FI sensors. Causes various idle and drivability problems.

Notes: The ECU is reliable and rarely faulty. Mismatched ECU's are more of an issue (more on this below, see the cylinder head temperature sensor and manifold pressure sensor entries) . Even mismatched, ECU's still often work OK, but may cause some drivability problems. Use the table above to verify that your ECU is correct for your engine type and number. The best test for an ECU is to swap it with a new or rebuilt unit. The Bosch D-Jetronic tester that can be rented from Pelican Parts tests some aspects of ECU operation, but it is not comprehensive.

More: Frank Kerfoot, a former Bell Labs EE, did a fantastic job of reverse-engineering the schematics of the ECU. Using these schematics (and a lot of help from others) , I have developed a descriptive document that goes through each section of the ECU and describes the circuit operation. Here is the URL to the page:

http://members.rennlist.com/pbanders/ecu.htm

Injection Valve

Function: Receives pulse signal from the ECU, opening the injector, spraying fuel into the intake of each cylinder.

Normal Value(s): The "Troubleshooting Guide" in the DSM states a nominal value of 2.4 ohms, measured at the ECU plug. It also recommends checking the FI ground connection point at the back of the engine if the measured resistance exceeds 3 ohms. I have measured values on my car between 2.79 and 2.53 ohms at the ECU plug and my car works fine - but I'll check that ground, anyway! Inductance values measured at the ECU plug on my car varied between 3.77 and 4.16 mH.

Failure Modes

	Clogged: Reduced output and poor spray characteristics, causing poor drivability and fuel economy. See URL below for test method.
	Open or shorted coil: No output, dead cylinder, causing poor overall performance. See URL below for test method.
	Stuck Open: Very rich mixture, possible hydro-lock of cylinder. See URL below for text method.
	Leaking (tip): Deposits cause the injector to leak into the intake. Results in rich mixture, poor fuel economy, drivability problems. See URL below for test method.
	Leaking (body): Dripping from the body of the injector. Causes fires that burn up your 914. Test method is to look and smell for leaking gas, or to look for huge flames shooting out of your engine compartment.
	Leaky O-rings: Loose or missing O-rings on the exterior of the valve can cause vacuum leaks. Causes lean mixture, lean surging, and drivability problems. See URL below for test method.

Notes: The injection valves are reliable and durable. Today's reformulated gas can cause deposits, leading to clogged or leaky injectors. If you suspect a problem with your injectors, follow the procedures at the URL below to determine if they are functioning properly. Using an injector cleaner (e.g. Techron) every 10K miles is a good idea.

http://www.914fan.net/djet.html

also try: http://mail.symuli.com/vw/Djet.html

Flow rate data (courtesy of Roland Kunz):

Yellow (1.7L) - 265 cc/min @ 2.0 Bar, 3V, 0.15 mm ± 0.05 mm lift
Green (2.0L) - 380 cc/min @ 2.0 Bar, 3V, 0.15 mm ± 0.05 mm lift

Fuel Filter

Function: Removes particulates from the fuel.

Failure Modes

Clogged: Reduced output. Causes a number of drivability problems due to fuel starvation at part-load and full-load.

Notes: Often overlooked during maintenance and while tracing FI problems. Replace the fuel filter every 10K miles. If you are still having supply problems, check the in-tank filter sock - did you know you have one?

Fuel Pump

Function: Supplies fuel to the injectors and cold start valve.

Failure Modes

	No pressure/inoperative: Can be due to electrical or mechanical failure. The engine will not run in this condition. See the URL below for a test procedure.
	Improper fuel line hookup: Very odd problems in maintaining pressure, with odd drivability problems. Check the factory workshop manual for the correct hookup.
	Clogged return line: I had this happen when I converted back from carburetors, my return line was clogged at the tank. High fuel pressure and rich, possible gas contamination of oil. If you can't regulate the pressure, this may be your problem.
	Failed Check Valve: The check valve keeps the pressure to the injectors and CSV up after the fuel pump is shut off to prevent vapor voids from forming and speed up starting. A failed check valve may cause some hot starting problems. There has been one report of a failed check valve causing the fuel pump to return all fuel to the tank, with no supply to the injectors. See the URL below for a test procedure.

Notes: Detailed procedures on checking the fuel pump are documented in the Factory Workshop Manual. The electrical plug, contacts, and boot are often in poor condition due to exposure to heat, battery acid, and the environment. Contact failures are a common cause of a sudden shut-off of your car while driving. You should hear the fuel pump run for 1.5 seconds after turning the key to the "on" position. If you don't hear the pump run, check the fuel pump relay on the relay board, and the connection plug to the fuel pump. I keep a cheap Radio Shack multi-meter in my car just for this problem.

More: There is an excellent reference on debugging fuel pump problems at the URL below:

http://www.914fan.net/fuelpump.html

I also have created a series of flow charts for diagnosing the fuel pump circuit and relays:

http://members.rennlist.com/pbanders/FPChecklist.htm

Auxiliary Air Regulator

Function: Provides additional air to the engine during warm-up to overcome friction.

Normal Value(s): about 14 ohms of resistance from the connector to the body of the unit.

Failure Modes

	Stuck open: Fast idle. Check by removing input hose to the regulator after the car has been running for 10-15 minutes. If you feel suction on this line, the regulator is stuck open.
	Stuck closed: Poor running (low idle) after cold start. Check on cold engine by removing the input hose immediately after starting. If you do not feel suction, the regulator is stuck closed.
	Broken heater lead or heater coil: Engine stays at fast idle for a long time after starting (more than 10 minutes). Check by removing the regulator and grounding the case and applying +12V to the input lead. Check if the valve is closing by blowing through the valve, if it doesn't close after 10 minutes, the coil or heater lead is broken.
	Shorted heater lead or heater coil: Check this if you blow the 25A (red) fuse on the relay board every time you try to start the car.

Notes: The regulator is open when cold, and closes over time as a heater inside the unit (+12V supply) acts on a bimetallic strip (it should fully close in about 5 to 10 minutes). Even if the heater is non-functional, the engine heat will eventually close the regulator. Because the regulator is no longer available new or rebuilt, you will have to obtain a used unit or repair your own unit - you are on your own here!

Cold Start Valve and Thermo or Thermo-Time Switch

Function: Senses cold starting condition and provides additional fuel during starting to richen the mixture.

Normal Value(s): Bosch says the cold start valve coil resistance should be 4.2 ohms. Measurements I've taken on a NOS 0 280 170 015 valve I have are R = 4.24 ohms. Coil inductance was 4.51 mH.

Failure Modes

	Open control wire from the thermo/thermo-time switch: Prevents valve from operating. Poor cold start operation. Check by inspection.
	Shorted control wire from thermo/thermo-time switch: Causes valve to stay open. Very rich mixture across all operating conditions. Check by inspection.
	Open or shorted thermo/thermo-time switch: Prevents valve from operating (open) or causes valve to stay open (shorted). Poor cold start operation (open) or rich mixture (shorted). Check by removing the switch, placing it in your freezer for a full 10 minutes (see notes section below), and checking for continuity from the terminal to the case. If there is no continuity, the switch is open and bad. Allow the switch to warm up to room temperature (70 deg. F) and check for continuity. If there is continuity, the switch is shorted and bad. Note that if you have a 75-76 2.0L, you have a thermo-time switch which has an internal heater that limits the time the switch is active. This switch also has two leads instead of the single lead on the thermo switch. I don't have a pin-out on the thermo-time switch and don't know which terminal is the switch and which terminal is the heater lead (+12V).
	Open or shorted thermo-time switch heater: The 75-76 2.0L thermo-time switch has a heater element which limits the time the switch is active. If this lead is open and the heater is inoperative, you could experience flooding or fouled plugs during repeated attempts to start the car. If the lead is shorted, you will likely blow a fuse (unknown which one) when you start the car, which may disable other systems. I don't have the pin-out for the thermo-time switch and don't know which terminal is the switch and which terminal is the heater lead (+12V).
	Open power lead from the relay plate to the valve: Prevents valve from operating. Poor cold start operation. Check by inspection.
	Valve Stuck Open: Very rich mixture across all operating conditions. See URL in the Injection Valve section above for a test method.
	Valve Stuck Closed: Poor cold start operation. See URL in the Injection Valve section above for a test method.
	Valve Leaking. Rich mixture across all operating conditions, poor fuel economy. See URL in the Injection Valve section above for a test method.
	Mismatched thermo/thermo-time switch: Provides wrong temperature set point for operation, poor cold start performance. Check part number against the table above.

Notes: The cold start valve provides a fine mist of fuel in the intake manifold to richen the mixture during cold starts. For most of us living in the continental US, the valve doesn't turn on except in the coldest months of the year. The valve is controlled by the thermo- or thermo-time switch and operates independently of the ECU. The valve is active only when the key is in the "start" position and the temperature is below the set point of the thermo-time switch. Actual measurements of the switching temperature of a sample thermo switch (311 906 161 C) indicate a lower temperature than quoted by the FWM, somewhere closer to 0 deg. C / 32 deg. F.

Jeff Bowlsby found a reference (VWTG) that has a table of actuating temperatures for the early and later thermo switches, but not the thermo-time switch (note there is an error in the units conversion of the entry in the VWTG for first sensor listed below that has been corrected here):

	311 906 161 : -12 to -18 deg. C / 10 to 0 deg. F
	311 906 161 A : 0 to -10 deg. C / 32 to 14 deg. F
	311 906 161 B : -2 to -8 deg. C / 28 to 18 deg. F
	311 906 161 C : -6 to -14 deg. C / 21 to 7 deg. F

Intake Air Temperature Sensor

Function: Senses intake air temperature and sends signal to the ECU to provide mixture compensation.

Normal Value(s): 300 ohms @ 68 deg. F, about 100 ohms @ 122 deg. F.

Failure Modes

	Open: Makes the mixture somewhat richer. Check with an ohmmeter.
	Shorted: Makes the mixture somewhat leaner. Check with an ohmmeter.

Notes: The output of this sensor is used by the ECU to adjust the mixture for the intake air temperature. This is a secondary adjustment and has a small effect on the mixture. The sensor corrects for the decrease in air density with increasing temperature by leaning out the mixture. Disconnecting this sensor has the effect of richening the mixture, a common mechanic's trick.

More: This sensor and the cylinder head temperature sensor are negative-temperature-coefficient (NTC) thermistors. Here's a URL on thermistors and how they work:

http://www.rtie.com/ntc/ntcappln.htm

Here's a URL that describes the manufacturing process:

http://www.ussensor.com/manufacturing.html

Below is a URL to a reference that has two charts showing the resistance vs. temperature relationship for the intake air sensor and the engine temperature sensors used in D-Jetronic. The engine sensor data looks OK (about 2.5K at 68 deg. F), but could be from any sensor. Bosch used the same air temperature sensor on all D-Jetronic cars, regardless of model, so the data should be accurate for the 914's sensor:

http://www.icbm.org/erkson/ttt/engine/fuel_injection/d-jet.html

The charts are about half way down the page.

Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor

Function: Senses engine temperature and sends signal to the ECU to provide mixture compensation. Proper part for your application and proper functioning is extremely important!

Normal Value(s):

	0 280 130 003 and 0 280 130 012: about 2.5 K ohms at 68 deg. F, less than 100 ohms with hot engine.
	0 280 130 017: about 1.3 K ohms at 68 deg. F, less than 100 ohms with hot engine.
	See Notes section below for more data on the resistance vs. temperature values of these sensors.

Failure Modes

	Open: The ECU interprets an open sensor as a signal to greatly richen (e.g. I've measured an over 3X effect) the mixture. This usually makes the car impossible to start and causes it to stall if the sensor fails open while running. Check by disconnecting the sensor from the wiring harness and measuring the resistance to ground, refer to the values above.
	Shorted: The ECU interprets a shorted sensor as a signal to lean out the mixture (about 30% leaner). The car may run and start in this condition, but will have poor idle and drivability. Check by disconnecting the sensor from the wiring harness and checking the resistance to ground. Note that shorts are often intermittent, caused by nicks in the sensor wire and by exposed contacts to the wiring harness touching ground. Check by inspection.
	Stuck Value: I've heard of at least one case of the sensor being stuck at a value (e.g. 50 ohms) and not varying with temperature. Depending on the value it gets stuck at, it can result in either poor cold or hot performance, or both. Check by measuring with an ohmmeter as described above.
	Mismatched: The 1973 2.0L's came with the 0 280 130 017 head temperature sensor, 039 971 762 A ballast resistor, 0 280 100 037 manifold pressure sensor, and the 022 906 021 E version of the ECU. This set of components must be used together. Any substitution will result in idle and part-load performance problems, and possible poor fuel economy. Additionally, use of any of these 1973 2.0L components with a 1974 2.0L setup will also cause problems. See the table above for the suggested setup for both 1973 or 1974 2.0L engines. If you have a 1973 2.0L and you want to keep the original setup, make absolutely certain that you have the correct combination of components. The 0 280 130 017 head temperature sensor's cold (70 deg F.) resistance is about 1200 ohms, compared to 2300 ohms for the 0 280 130 003 and 0 280 130 012 sensors. Use of the ...017 sensor with the 039 906 021 ECU (1974 model) will result in a lean mixture during warm up, causing low idle and/or backfiring on over-run. Use of the ...012 or ...003 sensor with the 022 906 021 E ECU (1973 model), with or without the ballast resistor, will result in a rich warm-up mixture. Take the extra time and determine exactly which head temperature sensor is installed in your car and make sure it matches the setup.

Notes: This resistance of this sensor is one of the primary factors in adjusting the mixture and it has a strong effect. An additional issue is the availability of the 0 280 130 012 sensor. I have found this sensor difficult to locate, and most shops substitute the 0 280 130 003 sensor for it. As far as I can tell, it is either exactly the same or nearly identical. Bosch even lists the ...003 sensor as being cross-referenced to the Porsche/VW part number 311 906 041 A. See the entry above for the intake air temperature sensor for theory on how these sensors work.

Installation Notes: Installing this sensor can be tricky. The best solution I've found is to buy a deep 13 mm socket and a 3" extension (I bought mine at Checker, about $5 for both). Use a Dremel tool with a cut-off wheel to cut off one of the corners of the four-sided end of the extension (the part that goes into the socket) to create a gap that the sensor wire can be threaded through. ALWAYS USE SAFETY GLASSES when doing this kind of work with a Dremel tool. Filing works, too, but it will take a very long time. Make sure to use the copper washer that comes with the sensor - the washer assures good thermal conductivity to the head and prevents loosening. Keeping the washer from falling off during installation can be difficult. First, to keep the sensor from being pushed back into the socket during installation (which will pop the washer off, and it'll fall into the head air fins), position the sensor so that it's sticking out a bit, then tape the wire with a single loop of masking tape to the extension. The wire will resist the sensor being pushed back into the socket. To keep the washer on the sensor, I use a couple of tiny drops of superglue to hold it in place. The glue bond will be broken when the sensor is tightened. DO NOT overtighten this sensor, just get it snug. It's easy to strip out the head threads and then you'll have to pull the engine to fix the problem.

More Data!!: Below is some characterization data I took on each sensor at three different temperatures (one data point missing). Note that these are representative readings - there is significant manufacturing variation in these sensors. All data measured with a freshly-calibrated Wavetek LCR55 meter.

Sensor	Temp = 39 deg. F (ice bath with thermometer)	Temp = 61 deg. F (room temperature)	Temp = 210 deg F (boiling water at 1000 feet altitude)
0 280 130 003	6.10 K ohms	2.94 K ohms	199.3 ohms
0 280 130 012	NA	2.85 K ohms	191.2 ohms
0 280 130 017	3.63 K ohms	1.74 K ohms	124.7 ohms

Ballast Resistor

Function: Biases the resistance of the head temperature sensor across the entire temperature range to cause the ECU to provide a overall richer mixture. Only used on 1973 2.0L's.

Normal Value(s): 270 ohms

Failure Modes

	Open: Same effect as an open head temperature sensor (see above). Check with an ohmmeter.
	Shorted: Eliminates bias from head temperature sensor. Causes leaner mixture across full range of operation, resulting in drivability problems, possible backfiring. Check with an ohmmeter.
	Mismatched or wrong value: Many owners are aware that using a resistor to bias the head temperature sensor is a way of affecting the overall mixture of the D-Jetronic system. Depending on the value used and the setup, you can end up with a lean or rich mixture. Using a bias resistor other than as specified for the 1973 2.0L is only suggested when there is no alternative to obtaining good drivability.

Notes: Used only on the 1973 2.0L engines in the combination of components described above in the cylinder head temperature section. It is used to bias the resistance of the 0 280 130 017 cylinder head temperature sensor. Since the ...017 sensor has a cold resistance value of about 1300 ohms, and a warm value of less than 100 ohms, use of the ballast resistor increases the value the ECU sees at both extremes by 270 ohms. If this resistor is missing from a 1973 setup, the mixture will be too lean across the whole temperature range. Use of this resistor in a 1974 setup will result in a rich mixture when the engine is warm. Make sure that if you have a 1973 setup as described above, that this resistor is present, and if you have a 1974 setup, that it isn't installed.

Deceleration Valve

Function: Provides additional air to the engine during overrun to reduce emissions

Failure Modes

	Leaky hoses: A leaky hose to the decel valve will either cause high idle or render the valve inoperative. Check all the hoses for integrity.
	Maladjustment: The decel valve is adjustable, and it's possible to have it misadjusted so that it is active during idle, causing a high idle. See below for additional information on adjustment.

Notes: I have tried adjusting my decel valve, and have come to the conclusion that I don't understand how to adjust it or how it really should work! I am doing further research and will update this document when I learn more.

Fuel Pressure Regulator

Function: Regulates fuel pressure (adjustable) to the proper pressure (spec: 2.0 bar, or 29 psig) for injection.

Failure Modes

??: I've never heard of a failure. These regulators are simple and reliable. If you are having a problem with getting sufficient fuel pressure or the pressure doesn't remain constant, it's likely the problem is with your fuel pump. If your pump seems to be working well, and the pressure is right, but you're getting a lean mixture, you either have clogged injectors or a clogged fuel filter. Follow the instructions in the Kjell Nelin article to test your injectors.

Maladjustment: Fuel pressure is one of the three major parameters controlling how much fuel is injected (along with pulse width and injector flow rate). Low pressure will result in a lean mixture, high pressure a rich mixture, across all load conditions. One of the first steps in any analysis and adjustment of the D-Jet system is to measure and adjust the fuel pressure.

Notes: The same regulator is used on all D-Jet 914's.

Manifold Pressure Sensor

Function: The manifold pressure sensor senses engine load by converting the intake manifold pressure level to an electrical signal that the ECU uses to set the basic injection pulse duration. A special part of the sensor operates at full-load, signaling the ECU to richen the mixture further.

Normal Value(s):

	Primary Coil (terminals 7 and 15): 90 ohms. Using a Wavetek LCR55 meter on my MPS, I measured 99.9 ohms.
	Secondary Coil (terminals 8 and 10): 350 ohms. Using a Wavetek LCR55 meter on my MPS, I measured 365 ohms and 1.37 H inductance (@ 0 in. Hg) at the ECU plug (note - the measured inductance will vary by MPS, data taken on a newly-rebuilt 0 280 100 043).
	Use a hand vacuum pump with a gauge, pull 20 in. Hg. of vacuum on the port and monitor the vacuum level for 5 minutes. Should not drop below 15 in. Hg, if so, the unit has a vacuum leak and should be replaced soon.
	Note: I will update my MPS document with charts of the inductance vs. vacuum characteristic of the MPS soon.

Failure Modes

	Open or shorted primary or secondary coils: Results in no injection pulses, the car is inoperable.
	Vacuum leaks: Depending on the extent of the leak, the car can run slightly rich to very rich across the entire load range.
	Failed aneroid cell: Causes the car to run rich at idle, with poor part-load response.
	Maladjustment: Many owners and mechanics have tried to adjust the sensor by removing the epoxy-covered "plug" and turning the adjustment screw inside - this often results in unpredictable behavior, as adjustment of this sensor accurately requires a bench setup that only a few shops have.

Notes: This is the most important sensor in the D-Jetronic system. As noted above, make absolutely certain that the sensor you have is properly matched to your FI setup. Mismatched sensors can cause drivability problems.

More: I have developed a document that describes the manifold pressure sensor in detail.

Throttle Switch

Function: Senses throttle opening (not closing), sending pulse signals to the ECU to richen the mixture for acceleration. Also senses when the throttle is closed at idling, sending a signal to the ECU to provide idle mixture compensation. Also sends a signal at wide-open-throttle, but this signal is not used by the ECU for full-load enrichment, which is handled by the Manifold Pressure Sensor.

Failure Modes:

Track Wear: Over time, the wiper track for the accelerator function will wear. Wear will be especially high at moderate to light throttle angles, corresponding to part-load cruising. Click here for a link to a 60X photo of accelerator track wear. While this TPS track is still good, the re-deposition of gold worn from the contact fingers by the wiper can be seen, and eventually will become sufficient to bridge the traces. This wear causes arcing and poor contact, resulting in the car "bucking" at a constant throttle angle. "Bucking" is a fairly common complaint and is almost always due to track wear. Check by disconnecting the harness plug to the throttle switch and driving at a constant throttle angle under part-load. If the bucking is gone, it's due to the swtich.

Maladjustment: The throttle switch needs to be precisely aligned to ensure that the idle switch is properly actuated, and that the full extent of acceleration is covered over the range of operation. Poor idle performance and transition to full-load are affected if the switch is maladjusted. The Pelican Parts web site has a very good article on how adjust the switch, using an ohmmeter.

Notes: The car will still run even if the throttle switch is removed! It will accelerate slowly, and the idle may be poor, but it will run. Proper adjustment of the throttle switch is critical. If the idle switch does not actuate when the throttle is closed, the idle circuit in the ECU will not be activated and poor idle performance will result. Additionally, cars with ECU's that provide over-run fuel shutoff will not shut off the fuel if the idle switch isn't actuated when the throttle is closed while coasting. Proper adjustment of the throttle is also important. If the throttle cable and pedal stop are not properly adjusted so that the throttle is completely open when the throttle is fully depressed, fewer acceleration pulses will be provided to the ECU for acceleration enrichment, and you'll be restricting your full-throttle input, reducing horsepower.

I recently found out about two products that can be used on the contact tracks to extend their life. Deoxit D-5 cleans and leaves a lubricating film. It's available from CAIG Laboratories ( http://www.caig.com ). Another similar product is Stabilant 22 (VW part # ZVW 186001, Car Quest # SL-5). To use, you must open the throttle switch - be careful, there are some rubber positioning blocks that may fall out. Spray the contact track area and use a Q-tip to remove any excess.

Main Relay

I don't have a 1.7L and have no idea of what this thing is or does. Sorry!

Trigger Contacts

Function: Sends timing pulses to the ECU to provide engine speed data and synchronize injection pulses.

Failure Modes:

	"Bouncing" or dirty contacts: A "bouncing" contact causes multiple injection pulses to be generated, resulting in a very rich mixture. Can only be checked by using an oscilloscope.
	Dirty (intermittent opens) contacts: Dirty contacts can result in missing injection pulses, leading to bucking and drivability problems. Can only be checked by using an oscilloscope.
	Open contact (not switching): Causes one bank of injectors to not fire. Easy to check with a noid light that plugs into your injector connector. Available from local auto parts stores (e.g. Checker).

Notes: These contacts are very low current and are reliable, lasting in excess of 100K miles. Make sure if you install new contacts that you use a dab of Bosch distributor lube on the distributor contact lobes. Failed trigger contacts will prevent your car from starting and running. Later models of the contacts have a shield that keeps the lube from being sprayed onto the contact points.

Drivability Symptom/Cause/Solution Table

D-Jetronic cars often suffer from various drivability problems that are due to maladjustment or component wear. This table is an ongoing listing of specific drivability problems, with likely causes and solutions. Remember!!! Before using this table, you must assure that the basic mechanical condition and the ignition system of the engine are in perfect working order, and that you have all the right D-Jetronic parts, no vacuum leaks, and that all of the measurable parameters listed in the tables above are within operating limits.

Symptom

Cause

Solution

Engine bogs from idle (poor idle to part-load transition)

Idle mixture too rich

Set the CO level to factory specs by using a quality gas analyzer. If a gas analyzer is not available, use the "trial-and-error" method of adjusting the ECU knob one click counter-clockwise at a time, re-adjust the air bleed screw to set the idle and repeat if necessary.

Idle drops down well below 1000 rpm after the car is fully warmed up

Idle mixture too rich

Adjusting the air bleed screw has no effect on idle speed (possibly accompanied by light backfiring during overrun, especially when the engine is cold)

Idle mixture too lean

Set the CO level to factory specs by using a quality gas analyzer. If a gas analyzer is not available, use the "trial-and-error" method of adjusting the ECU knob one click clockwise at a time, re-adjust the air bleed screw to set the idle and repeat if necessary.

Idle mixture adjustment knob on ECU has no effect on idle speed or mixture

Throttle switch misadjusted

Adjust throttle switch. See throttle switch section above for more detail.

Engine "bucks" or jerks at steady part-load throttle settings

Throttle switch contacts worn
Dirty trigger contacts

Replace throttle switch. See throttle switch section above for more detail. If condition persists after testing the throttle switch, it may be due to dirty trigger contact points.

After starting when the engine is cold, the idle doesn't come up while the Aux Air Regulator is open (Aux Air Regulator operation has been verified by checking for draw on intake hose). Idle performance is good once the car is warmed up.

Cold mixture is too lean. Cold resistance of the cylinder head temperature sensor is too low.

Can you guess that I've had this problem with my car? :-) This problem seems to get worse on older cars as the engine wears. There are a couple of solutions. You can "cherry pick" a cylinder head temperature sensor with the highest value you can find, or you can add ballast resistance to the sensor - however, this will affect your mixture across they whole operating range (not recommended). A potential fix is to use a dash-mounted switch to add a ballast resistance to the sensor when cold, then turn it off (shunt it) when hot. I'll update this if I ever find a solution I like!!

Idle oscillates and/or idle is too high and cannot be adjusted down to 1000 rpm with the air bleed screw

	Vacuum leak
	Timing over-advanced

Check the following areas for a vacuum leak:

1. Intake runner-to-head gasket/spacer
2. Injector seals
3. Intake runner boots
4. Air plenum (e.g. cracks or rust holes)
5. Throttle body gasket
6. Throttle body shaft (worn body or shaft)
7. Distributor vacuum adv/ret cell
8. Auxiliary air regulator (stuck open or leaky)
9. Deceleration valve
10. Manifold pressure sensor
11. Vacuum hose cracks
12. Cold-start valve gasket to plenum

"My car runs rich and I don't know why!!"

	Manifold pressure sensor - vacuum leak in sensor (cracked diaphragm), failed aneroid cell, vacuum hose to plenum leaky or detatched
	Fuel pressure - too high, clogged fuel return line
	Injectors - wrong injector for application, stuck open or leaky injector
	Cold start valve - stuck open or leaky
	Low manifold vacuum - due to either engine wear or non-stock cam, overly-tight valve adjustment
	Intake Air Temperature Sensor - missing or open sensor
	Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor - open in either the sensor or in the wiring harness or connector, failed sensor (stuck at high resistance value), wrong sensor for application
	Trigger Contacts - worn/bouncing contacts causing additional injection pulses
	ECU - component failure in ECU

The best list I have of possible reasons for a persistent rich running condition. Check them all.

Changes by Version

	1.0 - 5/5/01 - Initial release, document uncontrolled up to 6/11/01 with additional content added periodically
	1.1 - 6/11/01 - Added new information on thermo switches to the troubleshooting section
	1.2 - 7/2/01 - Added new information about contact cleaners for the throttle switch
	1.3 - 7/3/01 - Added new information about 2.0L injector flow rates, including the reference from Roland Kunz, updated info on 1.7L 1970 distributors based on new data.
	1.4 - 7/20/01 - Minor edits based on information from the PPC.
	1.5 - 7/27/01 - Added information on nominal injector resistances and inductances, and nominal MPS resistances and inductances.
	1.6 - 10/26/01 - Added symptom/cause/solution drivability troubleshooting table
	1.7 - 1/15/02 - Started adding component photographs for identification
	1.8 - 2/11/02 - Minor edits and clarifications
	1.9 - 3/08/02 - Added more component diagrams and photos
	2.0 - 3/22/02 - Added ECU/MPS compatibility table
	2.1 - 3/23/02 - Added more TS2 data, some minor edits
	2.2 - 4/11/02 - Added ECU characteristic data, reformatted and updated ECU/MPS compatibility table
	2.3 - 4/22/02 - Added photo link to TPS accelerator track wear
	2.4 - 8/14/02 - Added troubleshooting entry on causes of a persistent rich condition

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